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Copyright© Coal Creek Watershed Foundation, Inc. 2000 through 2021
CELEBRATING OUR 21st YEAR!!

(Draft revision No. 2 for review and comment by CCWF volunteers, partners, and residents )

On February 5, 2000, a group of fishermen and college students held a work day on Clear Creek of the Clinch River, hoping to make the tiny stream a better place for trout to spawn. About noon, one of the leaders said it was a shame that there weren't more spawning areas for Clinch River trout. One of the guys said, "I can show you one. Want to take a ride?"

The Coal Creek Clean Stream Initiative (CCCSI) was born on that drive along Coal Creek. The original goal of CCCSI was simply to make Coal Creek and its tributaries suitable habitat for spawning trout. CCCSI was established to perform the work required to apply for a grant from the Office of Surface Mining to ameliorate mine runoff into Coal Creek and reclaim abandoned coal mine lands in the Coal Creek watershed.

But one thing led to another. Meetings with various groups, government agencies, local officials, and residents made it apparent that, while improving water quality would be welcome, every group has a goal of its own with a higher priority. The main concern of most of the residents is the quality of life for their children - better schools, dental and health care, opportunities for jobs, safety from flooding. Too many parents have heard their children say that they will have to leave the Coal Creek watershed because "there is nothing here for me."

So the CCCSI goal was broadened.  If each group is willing to help every other group, the new goal is practical - to improve the quality of life in the Coal Creek watershed.

The new foundation will provide a structure to focus on coordination, communications, and funding for a variety of initiatives. The various engineering, conservation, scouting, and local organizations involved can then concentrate on implementation. The first public event of CCWF was Coal Creek Deadwood Removal Day 2000 on June 24, 2000. A flyer describing this event is attached and further details can be found at www.coalcreekaml.com/Deadwood.htm. 

The two disbanding groups formed earlier this year. CCFPC, composed of residents along Coal Creek, formed to seek relief from flooding by making Anderson County dredge the creek channel. CCCSI, composed of volunteers from outside the watershed, formed to reclaim abandoned coal mine lands and improve water quality in Coal Creek, as part of the Appalachian Clean Streams Initiative of the federal Office of Surface Mining. The CCCSI mission later expanded to that of "improving the quality of life in the Coal Creek watershed."

BACKGROUND

The Coal Creek watershed has mountains, streams, and forest scenery to rival anything in the Great Smoky Mountains. Easy access to I-75, railroad connections, and thousands of acres of undeveloped land are visible assets. The potential of this area is enhanced by its geographic setting. Coal Creek flows into the Clinch River about five miles downstream of Norris Dam, the most popular trout fishery in Tennessee. Fishermen want to catch wild trout, not stocked trout, and spawning habitat is limited in the Clinch River. The Coal Creek watershed contains about thirty miles of potential trout spawning streams. Potential trout spawning streams connected to a world-class trout fishery, with easy access from interstate I-75, equals potential jobs, tourist dollars, and business.

But the most valuable asset of this watershed is its people. You only need to read about the Coal Creek War of the 1890s, the Fraterville Mine Disaster of 1902, the Cross Mountain Mine Disaster of 1911, and the floods that these people have endured, to make you believe that the people of the Coal Creek watershed are descended from the strongest of the strong. The potential of the Coal Creek residents is highlighted by Briceville Elementary School, which was one of only 88 schools nationwide to win a recent National Title I Distinguished School Award.

Current mining operations, subject to the stringent environmental standards required by the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA) of 1977, are not a problem and are not our concern. But coal mine drainage from mines that were abandoned before 1977 impacts Coal Creek and the Clinch River. Furthermore, trash has been dumped into Coal Creek at numerous locations for years, and data suggests that sewage treatment in the watershed can be improved. Finally, flooding problems need to be addressed.

The best reason to improve the quality of life is to give our children a better chance in life. Children of the 21^st Century will have more information instantly available than any generation in history, but the senior citizens have the best experience to judge which information is worthwhile and which is not. We need to protect and support the senior citizens of the watershed so they can help guide the younger generations.  We need people of all ages to make it happen.

PHILOSOPHY  

We examined successful organizations to find a philosophy to guide us in accomplishing our mission. We like the unofficial philosophy of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA), taught to all its leaders - "if it's not for the boys, it's for the birds". Some people complain that BSA is selective in its membership, but BSA has reasons for this in alignment with its philosophy. While young girls can not be Boy Scouts (so as not to compete with the Girl Scouts of America), young women are a strong part of the Venturing program of BSA, and many of the best adult leaders in BSA are women. BSA instills in its members a duty to God, but it allows each member the freedom to decide how that duty is served. If an individual, sponsor, or leader acts contrary to the philosophy of BSA, they are simply asked to leave scouting.

With permission, the volunteers of CCWF will copy the philosophy of BSA. New CCWF leaders will be trained to use our mission as a guide. If their goal is always to improve the quality of life, they can be creative and function autonomously.

APPROACH  

To choose the best approach to achieve our mission, we studied what has been done in the past. Here are some of the ways other groups have tried to solve their problems:

One common approach is to create a group of concerned citizens and partners to raise money from individuals and companies, then hire experts and resources to assist in the development and implementation of a plan. We initially thought about this approach, but then considered the number of worthy organizations that are already trying to raise money. We decided to explore other options.

One effective way to bring people and government together in the past has been to build new facilities in the region in efforts to attract large corporations. Roads and related infrastructure get built, flood prevention measures are implemented, schools receive attention, and sanitation, water, and wastewater treatment systems are improved as incentive for the large corporations to move to the region. Jobs are created throughout the process. This is our ultimate goal which will be addressed during the implementation of the second phase of our plan.

The most effective approach we found came from right here in the Coal Creek watershed. In the 1890's the free coal miners banded together and formed a plan to convince the State of Tennessee to abolish the convict labor system that was taking their jobs away. It was a long and hard process, and included the "Coal Creek War," but in 1896 the state abolished the system and built Brushy Mountain State Prison. We like this approach -- we will be happy to have help, but our best chance is to band together, form our plan, and get started ourselves.

In the development of our Master Plan, we have borrowed information and ideas from books written about the Coal Creek watershed by Engineer Gene White, Augusta Grove Bell, Marshall McGhee, and David Rogers. We have also borrowed a chapter from the history of engineering, where the French were the first to try to build the Panama Canal. They immediately sent in crews and equipment. Most of the Frenchmen caught malaria or yellow fever and died, and the French quit. When Teddy Roosevelt championed the building of the Panama Canal, his first engineer had strict orders to "make the dirt fly". The first American attempt also failed.

Roosevelt then asked Engineer John F. Stevens, who was experienced in building several major American railroads, to lead the effort. Stevens accepted the challenge only after Roosevelt agreed that Engineer Stevens would be in charge. Stevens developed a two-phase Master Plan for the project. Phase I included draining swamps, killing mosquitoes, finding treatments for malaria and yellow fever, and building the necessary infrastructure -- houses, roads, water supply/wastewater treatment systems, etc.

Phase I took several years. Roosevelt was furious because Stevens ignored his repeated orders to "make the dirt fly." Shortly after Phase II started and actual construction began, Stevens saw that his plan would succeed. He decided to return to building railroads rather than fight with the President. Roosevelt named Colonel George W. Goethals of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to finish the canal.

Engineer Goethals did finish, and acknowledged that all he did was follow the Phase II Master Plan developed by Engineer Stevens. The moral of the story? Success depends on having the right Master Plan, not who implements it.

Phase I of our Master Plan contains steps to create the human infrastructure that will be needed to accomplish our mission.

Vision.  We each have a dream for what we want the Coal Creek watershed to become. We can list any number of things we want, but before setting out, we need to listen to the dreams of the children who live there. A "Dream Contest" was held, where every student could write out and draw a picture of his or her dreams for the watershed to help guide our planning. We challenged the students in the watershed to prove our theory that the human brain is more powerful than any computer because only the human brain can dream.  Coal Creek Watershed Day 2000 was held on April 29, 2000 in Lake City and Briceville. The winning entries are posted at www.coalcreekaml.com (Dream Contest Winners).

Education.  Our ultimate goal - to attract prospective companies to relocate to the Coal Creek watershed - depends on having a well-educated and computer-literate population. Arrangements are in progress to establish the following educational initiatives:

Adopt-A-Watershed.  Selected teachers, from elementary and middle schools in Briceville and Lake City, will be trained to use Coal Creek and the surrounding area as a living laboratory. Students and teachers, assisted by CCCSI professionals, will collect environmental data, mine information from the internet, and document what they find. Each school will develop its own web site to publish findings for interested parties to review. Students will be encouraged and assisted in entering their findings in Science Fair Contests to share their knowledge with others and thereby improve their interpersonal communication skills.

Similar programs are also needed in elementary and middle schools in Norris and Clinton. We will need environmental data on the Clinch River both upstream and downstream of Coal Creek to judge the success of our efforts in Coal Creek. Students from Briceville, Lake City, Norris, and Clinton will be encouraged to meet on a periodic basis to compare and analyze their findings and share ideas.

Adult education classes. CCWF volunteers will offer classes in Lake City and Briceville on mining information from computers and the internet, history of the Coal Creek watershed, local folklore and yarns, and other topics that interest the residents. The classes will require the participants to share what they learn with others, including children. Participation in these adult education classes will enable residents to demonstrate to younger generations the importance of education and that you are never too old to learn.

Engineering Venture Crew. The Boy Scouts of America (BSA) offers a Venturing program for young men and young women to learn about potential careers. The first CCWF-sponsored Venture Crew will start next fall with volunteer engineers as leaders. Any high school student in Anderson and Knox Counties will be able to join. The heaviest recruiting for new Engineering Venture Crew members will be in Anderson County High School. Many of the students now in the eighth grade at Lake City Middle School attended Briceville Elementary School when it qualified for a National Title I Distinguished School Award. This eighth grade class also contains many bright students who came from Lake City Elementary School. Great things are expected of this eighth grade class when they graduate to Anderson County High School next year.

Our goal is to show the Engineering Venture Crew members what it means to be an engineer. Engineers are designers and builders of the quality of life. CCWF volunteer engineers will guide them through high school and help them to apply for scholarships and get accepted to universities with quality engineering programs. We will continue to be their mentors during college by listening to their problems, offering advice, and helping them find jobs. We expect them to graduate high in their class. After college, they will be equipped to continue the work CCWF has started, to improve the quality of life in whichever watershed they live and work.

Venture Crew Challenge. Doctors, dentists, architects, scientists, musicians, artists, and related professionals will be needed to achieve the mission of CCWF. We challenge professionals from other disciplines to establish similar Venture Crews in their own disciplines to help prepare young adults for the task ahead. The musicians and artists who form Venture Crews are encouraged to perform and display their talents in the region's schools to help students and their parents learn to appreciate the importance of music and art in our society.

Environment. Education is the key to improving the environment. If we instill in our children good habits that protect the environment, they will pass them on to our grandchildren. Coal Creek Watershed Day 2000 started an environmental education process which will continue with the Adopt-A-Watershed program. Members of Trout Unlimited have volunteered to teach conservation classes, to provide hands-on practice in the art of fishing, and to help interested students and residents understand how to manage a trout fishery.

Dental and Health Care. The main reason that the mission of CCWF was expanded was stories told by Kippie Leinart, Nikki Kapolka, Betsy Manley, and others, who say the cruelest handicap in rural Appalachia is bad teeth. Too many children lack proper dental care and grow up with crooked, missing, or damaged teeth. Regardless of intelligence, work ethic, or moral character, they will be judged by the quality of their teeth. Health problems in older residents of Appalachia can often be traced to poor dental care as a child.

A short-term plan is needed to provide health and dental care to the children and residents of the Coal Creek watershed. CCWF needs to find hospitals and other medical providers to donate the resources and operating costs to re-open the clinic across from the Briceville Elementary School, and doctors and dentists to donate their time and services until a permanent solution can be found. If you can assist, contact the eAngel Tree on www.coalcreekaml.com.

20^th Century Information Coverage.  CCWF volunteers tire of reading newspaper front pages entirely devoted to killings, court battles, and the bad side of the human race. We are tired of hearing on the radio about contestants who competed for $40,000 while on display in a glass cubicle, and how long these people went without bathroom breaks. We are amazed that these same stories are covered again on television.

Instead, we suggest that the media in East Tennessee report on people like Kippie Leinart, Nikki Kapolka, and Betsy Manley, who understand that dental care is more important than bathroom break contests. Report on Lynette Seeber, Grova Adkins-Disney, and Marjorie Adkins, who are building the libraries in the Coal Creek watershed to provide the infrastructure needed for all residents to learn. Report on Engineer Gene White who had a dream for the Coal Creek watershed and the courage to publish his dream in a book, not knowing if his book would ever be read. Report on Tom Braden, L.C. Madron, and Jan Moore, the school principals who are trying to prepare children for the 21^st Century. If you interview them, they all will recommend that you report on the children and young adults of East Tennessee, who are our real hope for the future.

CCWF encourages others to analyze our plan and help us improve it. What have we missed? What contingencies do we need to consider to deal with the unexpected? How can our efforts in Coal Creek be used as a model for other watersheds in Tennessee? Send your analyses to 20^th Century information providers who can assess the merits of these suggestions and summarize them for all of us to digest. Send your suggestions to the elected officials who serve you. Links to potential decision makers are included on www.coalcreekaml.com to assist you in making your feelings heard.

21^st Century Information Coverage.  Progress reports and developments can be found at www.coalcreekaml.com on the internet. When web sites are established at the schools in Briceville, Lake City, Norris, and Clinton, we will have links on the CCWF web site to enable the world to see our progress and use our ideas.

Leadership.  In his book Briceville Through the Years, Engineer Gene White published his dream of a committee of 3 retirees, 3 middle-aged, 3 young adults, and 3 teenagers who take suggestions and act to make the community better. Engineer White's dream can come true. Applications are being accepted for service on the Coal Creek Watershed Committee. In addition to this committee of 12, technical advisors will be found to assist the committee in making plans and decisions to improve the quality of life in the Coal Creek watershed. One of the technical advisors we want for our committee will be a trainer from BSA. BSA has "cornered the market" on how to accomplish a mission by using that mission as your guide.

This group will combine the expertise of our engineers and scientists in East Tennessee, the common sense of the residents from the Coal Creek watershed, and the leadership training skills of BSA. What authority will this group have? You don't need authority if you have the right Master Plan and the human infrastructure to implement that plan.

CCWF Trouble-shooting Services.  CCWF volunteers will be the "squeaky wheel" to assist in getting "oil" that is supposed to be provided without persistent asking. When trouble develops and local schools, libraries, etc. need advice, CCWF volunteers will examine why the trouble exists and assist in the development of a plan to avoid similar problems in the future. These trouble-shooting plans will be available for distribution to others across the state to avoid the need for "reinventing the wheel" in every watershed in Tennessee.

An example of how our trouble-shooting service can be useful is the recent coverage in local newspapers on flooding in Coal Creek. Several feature articles described the channel that was excavated from Briceville to Lake City in the 1970s by TVA. According to the articles, Anderson County signed an agreement to maintain the channel by removing trees and obstructions, but then did not follow the terms of that agreement. The story was repeated on the evening news of a local television station in Knoxville.

One meeting with the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation (TDEC), two phone calls to TVA and Anderson County, and a few email messages clarified the issue. Modifications to stream channels now require permits from TDEC. TDEC has allowed Anderson County to remove minor obstructions from Coal Creek, but major excavation in the channel will likely not be allowed because of its limited, short-term benefit. Flooding may be reduced in the area of the channelization, but the potential for flooding downstream increases. Residents get a false sense of security and move homes closer to the channelized stream. When Mother Nature takes over and begins returning the stream to its original configuration, the flooding potential is worse because residents have moved closer to the channel.

Flood Abatement Options.  When you live and work in the floodplain of a stream, like tens of millions of Americans do, you risk being flooded. Each person needs to decide if the benefit is worth the risk. CCWF volunteers commit to exploring options to reduce, but not eliminate, the risk of flooding in Coal Creek. These options will need to be a win-win arrangement for both residents and CCWF partners. For example, flooding in the area between Briceville and Lake City is increased because Mother Nature "builds" obstructions and barriers (i.e. boulders, trees, etc.). These obstructions increase the risk of flooding in the area between Briceville and Lake City, but they reduce the potential for flooding in Lake City. The obstructions retard the flood water so that it doesn't inundate Lake City as severely.

The original goal of CCCSI was to make Coal Creek and its tributaries suitable habitat for spawning trout. Maybe we can help Mother Nature out through bioengineering methods to enhance the growth of living obstructions (i.e. trees) in the upper reaches of Coal Creek and Beech Grove Fork where nobody resides. Maybe we can also position massive obstructions, like boulders, in these same upstream portions of the streams. Flooding potential will increase in these upper reaches where nobody resides and thereby reduce the magnitude of flooding in downstream areas like Briceville, Fraterville, Beech Grove, and Lake City. These obstructions in the upper reaches of Coal Creek and Beech Grove Fork will provide outstanding habitat for spawning trout.

The original task proposed by CCWF was to design numerous wetlands and small ponds above stream level to improve water quality of coal mine drainage from abandoned mines before the water enters streams. Maybe we can design and build these wetlands and small ponds to also hold stormwater and slowly release that stormwater to reduce, but not eliminate, the potential for flooding in the streams.

We also volunteer to work with TVA, Anderson County, TDEC, and residents to identify localized obstructions that could be removed from the main Coal Creek channel, where justified. Justification for work will be those things that will reduce localized flooding without increasing downstream flooding.

eAngel Tree Network.  The web site at www.coalcreekaml.com now includes an eAngel Tree. When schools, libraries, and non-profit organizations (i.e. scouts, sports teams, clinics, etc.) from the watershed need funds or volunteers, we will place requests for assistance on the eAngel Tree. Potential sponsors of these efforts can view photographs showing the need (if applicable), a description of the need, how much it will cost, and an address so the funding can be sent directly to the group making the request. The persons or organizations providing the funding can email their pledges and be recognized on the eAngel Tree. Similarly, volunteer assistance can be pledged on the eAngel Tree and recognized after the service is rendered.

Athletic Organizations.  In addition to building healthy minds, the children need to build healthy bodies. Volunteers from the Boy Scouts of America and Girl Scouts of America are already active in this task. We need other volunteers from the watershed to organize teams and activities to build healthy bodies and to enable children to learn the power of teamwork. The eAngel Tree can be used to obtain funds for equipment, but only parents and residents from the watershed can volunteer to make it happen.

Jobs.  Details of our Phase II Master Plan was unveiled at Coal Creek Watershed Day 2000. Progress toward implementation of both phases of our Master Plan will be presented next year at Coal Creek Watershed Day 2001.

Government Assistance.  We are not requesting money from government at this time, but we do need the services of the skilled, professional, and competent people who work for our government agencies. Phase II of our Master Plan will offer solutions to 21^st Century problems, incentives to attract new business to the watershed, and measures to restore, protect, and enhance our environment. We are sure that, when the time is right, government will be receptive to investing money to bring new tax revenue to the area.

For example, we are going to need mature trout to spawn in Coal Creek. Therefore, we need to have a fishery in the Clinch River that can support the development and preservation of mature trout. We suggest that the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency (TWRA), TVA, TDEC and other interested parties develop a plan for the sustained growth and preservation of mature trout in the Clinch River suitable for spawning in Coal Creek during the implementation of our Phase II Master Plan.

Case Histories.  Each step in the implementation of our Master Plan will be documented in the form of case histories. Our goal is to let these documents serve as a guide for other watersheds to follow as a means to effect change. The individual case histories, along with recommendations from the "school of hard knocks", will be compiled in a Master Plan book entitled The Coal Creek War of the 21^st Century: Thar's Gold In Them Thar Hills. Our hope is that this documentation will provide guidance to help others identify and solve 21^st Century problems.

Phase II Master Plan 

If we implement the Phase I Master Plan, then we won't need to develop a Phase II Master Plan to achieve our mission to improve the quality of life in the Coal Creek watershed.  The young'uns on Watershed Day who were wearing baseball caps, running around making new friends, fishing together, catching bugs together, picking up trash together, and learning together, all at the same time, will make our dreams come true.  What will they do with the knowledge we teach them how to mine?  Visit the schools and other public gathering places in the area and behold the winners of the Dream Contest (they are all winners and they are all "keepers").  The youth have set the standard for what they want to see when new corporations relocate to the watershed.  Click here for the winners, as voted by visitors at Watershed Day.

Briceville: the town that coal built by Marshall McGhee and Gene White (1991)

Briceville...Through the Years by Gene White (1994)

Reflections in the Water: Coal Creek to Lake City by David Rogers (1976)

Memories: A Folk History of Briceville School by Marshall L. McGhee (1987)

Circling Windrock Mountain by Augusta Grove Bell (1998)

Have you heard of the Coal Creek War of the 1890's? After the Civil War, crime was rampant and the prisons in Tennessee overflowed. As a way to generate revenue, the state "leased" convicts to work in the coal mines of Tennessee. For many years, the free miners of Coal Creek pleaded with state officials to abolish the convict labor system. The state refused because of the revenue being generated for the state coffers. Beginning in 1891, the free miners of Coal Creek staged a "war" with the State of Tennessee. On several occasions, the free miners surrounded convict laborers, guards, and contingents of the militia sent by the state to crush the revolt. Each time, the "invaders" were disarmed and sent packing on trains back to Knoxville.

After each encounter, the free miners sent representatives to meet with state officials to restore reason to an insane situation. Each time, the state sent in more troops to crush the revolt. In 1892, a large contingent of the state militia was sent to Coal Creek, armed with Gatling guns and heavy artillery. The 3,000 miners and supporters who dug in for the final "battle" at Militia Hill realized they were heavily outnumbered and surrendered. Many were arrested and spent several months in jail, which probably meant that they were forced to work in the mines with no pay. Although the free miners lost the final battle, they won the war. In 1896 the state abolished the convict labor system and Brushy Mountain State Prison was built in 1898.

Have you heard about the Fraterville mine explosion in 1902? The tragedy that killed up to 212 people left only three men alive in the town. Go to the Miners Circle in Leach Cemetery and see the monuments that the people of the Coal Creek watershed erected to pay their respect to those who perished.

Have you heard about the Cross Mountain mine explosion that occurred in Briceville in 1911? Eighty-four of the 89 men who entered the mine on December 9, 1911 perished. Eugene Ault, who was trapped and suffocated in the mine, scratched his farewell message in slate with a pick:

Dear Father, Mother, Brothers, and Sisters, I guess I come to die. Well I started out and come to the side track and Alonzo Wood is with me. Air is not much now. Well, all be good and I aim to pray to God to save me and all of you. Tell Clarence to wear out my clothes, give him my trunk. I guess I'll never be with you any more. So goodbye. Give them all my love. Give Bessie Robbins a stickpin of mine. Tell her goodbye.

Did you know that the Briceville Elementary School was one of only 88 schools nationwide to win a recent National Title I Distinguished School Award? How did a school with only 140 students win a national award? Hard work and a sense of pride. See the front page story in the Knoxville News-Sentinel for May 31, 1999.

True or False: Briceville once had an opera house, hotels, and more teachers than any community in Anderson County. It's true!

Did you know that the Cherokee Indians were the original residents of Coal Creek? White settlers pushed the Cherokees onto reservations in Oklahoma and eventually to North Carolina. A few years ago, the Cherokees faced worse problems than the residents of Coal Creek now face. The Cherokees are coming back in their own modern way. Their annual revenues now exceed $50 million. Today, the Cherokees are busy counting their money and investing for a bright new future. They must have an engineered Master Plan and one heck of an eAngel Tree to effect this change.

[Home] 
[SCHOLARSHIPS]
[RESTORING THE GREAT AMERICAN CHESNUTS]
[Master Plan] [Map] [Photo Gallery]
[Bank Stabilization Projects]
[Deadwood Removal Days] [Discovery Day 2000] [Scrape, Paint & Clean Day 2000] 
[Historic Fraterville Mine Disaster Field Trip 2001] [Fraterville Mine Disaster 100th Anniversary]
[Coal Creek War and Mining Disasters] [Mine Reclamation Lessons]
[CMD] [Economic Benefits] [Motor Discovery Trail] [Historic Cemeteries]
[Partners] [Schools in Watershed] [Mark the Trail Day]
[Awards] [Coal Creek Health Days]
[Briceville School History Field Trips] [Ghost Stories]
[Trout Stuff] [Join Us] [Eastern Coal Region Roundtable]
[Articles in the News] [Dream Contest]

Copyright© Coal Creek Watershed Foundation, Inc. 2000 through 2021
CELEBRATING OUR 21st YEAR!!